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  • Article title
  • Abstract
  • Key words
  • Introduction
  • Literature review
  • Systems theory and estuarine ecosystems
    • Introduction to systems theory
    • Holism and interconnectedness in estuaries
    • Feedback loops and system stability
    • Emergence and complexity in estuarine systems
    • Hierarchy and multi-scale organization
    • Case application: Mangrove stabilization and resilience
  • Emergy as a system language to study estuaries
    • What is emergy?
    • Transformity and yield ratio
    • Applications in estuary studies
    • Advantages of emergy analysis
  • Case studies in systems thinking and estuary management
    • Herring River Estuary restoration (Cape Cod, USA)
    • Mangrove restoration in Southeast Asia
    • Liaohe estuary wetland conservation (China)
    • Youngsan River (Korea)
    • Mai Po mangrove (Hong Kong)
  • Principles of system’s theory
    • Transformation of inputs
    • Energy-material-information requirements
    • Storage and structure
    • Feedback reinforcement
  • System design and emergy modelling
    • Diagramming systems using Odum’s energy systems language
    • Application to Araranguá River Estuary
      • Step 1: Defining the system boundary
      • Step 2: Constructing the system diagram
      • Step 3: Assigning emergy values
    • Interpretation of flows and storages
  • Reflections on systems thinking, capitalism, and sustainability
    • Systems thinking vs. capitalist reductionism
    • Alternative economic models: Degrowth, circular economies, and indigenous knowledge
    • Cultural re-engagement: Literature and storytelling as tools for change
    • The role of systems thinking in future governance
    • Toward a regenerative future
  • Conclusions
    • a. Integrate systems thinking into coastal and estuarine planning
    • b. Promote emergy-based decision-making
    • c. Support nature-based solutions and restoration efforts
    • d. Strengthen stakeholder engagement and co-management
    • e. Shift from growth-oriented policies to regenerative models
  • Additional information
    • Conflict of interest
    • Ethical statement
    • Use of AI
    • Funding
    • Author contributions
    • Author ORCIDs
    • Data availability
  • References
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